有关汽车空调发展的书 传统汽车空调系统中的制冷系统是什么？

制冷系统使车内空气或从胃部进入车内的新鲜空气降温，或除湿使车内空气凉爽舒适。目前汽车空调系统使用的制冷剂为R134a

200分急求汽车空调英文文献及翻译！Airconditioningengineersbroadlydivideairconditioningapplicationsintocomfortandprocess.Comfortapplicationsaimtoprovideabuildingindoorenvironmentthatremainsrelativelyconstantinarangepreferredbyhumansdespitechangesinexternalweatherconditionsorininternalheatloads.Airconditioningmakesdeepplanbuildingsfeasible, forotherwisethey 'dhavetobebebuiltnarrowerorwithlightwellssothatinnerspacesreceivesufficientoutdoorairvianaturalventilation.Airconditioningalsoallowsbuildingstobetallersincewindspeedincreasessignificantlywithaltitudemakingnaturalventilationimpracticalforverytallbuildings.ComfortapplicationsforvariousbuildingtypesarequitedifferentandmaybecategorizedasLow-RiseResidentialbuildings, Includingsinglefamilyhouses, villa, andsmallapartmentbuildingsHigh - RiseResidentialbuildingsSuchastalldormitoriesandapartmentblocksCommercialbuildings, whicharebuiltforcommerceIncludingoffices, shopping malls, shoppingcenters, restaurants, etc. The Institutionalbuildings,Whichincludeshospitals, government, academic, andsoon. Industrialspaceswherethermalcomfortofworkersisdesired. Inadditiontobuildings,Airconditioningcanbeusedformanytypesoftransportation - motor - carsandotherlandvehicles, trains, ships, aircraft, andspacecraft. Processapplicationsaimtoprovideasuitableenvironmentforaprocessbeingcarriedout, regardlessofinternalheatandhumidityloadsandexternalweatherconditions.Althoughofteninthecomfortrange itistheneedsoftheprocessthatdetermineconditions nothumanpreference.Processapplicationsincludethese: Hospitaloperatingtheatres, inwhichairisfilteredtohighlevelstoreduceinfectionriskandthehumiditycontrolledtolimitpatientdehydration.Althoughtemperaturesareofteninthecomfortrange Somespecialistproceduressuchasopenheartsurgeryrequirelowtemperatures (about18 ° C,64 ° F) andotherssuchasneonatalrelativelyhightemperatures (about28 ° C,82 ° F). Cleanroomsfortheproductionofintegratedcircuits, pharmaceutical, andthelike,inwhichveryhighlevelsofaircleanlinessandcontroloftemperatureandhumidityarerequiredforthesuccessoftheprocess.Facilitiesforbreedinglaboratoryanimals.Sincemanyanimalsnormallyonlyreproduceinspring holdingtheminroomsatwhichconditionsmirrorspringallyearcancausethemtoreproduceyear-round.Aircraftairconditioning.Althoughnominallyaimedatprovidingcomfortforpassengersandcoolingofequipment, aircraftairconditioningpresentsaspecialprocessbecauseofthelowairpressureoutsidetheaircraft Emicaland DataprocessingcentersTextilefactoriesPhysicaltestingfacilitiesPlantsandfarmgrowingareasNuclearfacilitiesCh (fuzzy)biologicallaboratoriesMinesIndustrialenvironmentsFoodcookingandprocessingareasInbothcomfortandprocessapplicationstheobjeCtivemaybetonotonlycontroltemperature, butalsohumidity airqualityandairmovementfromspacetospace.Air conditioning engineers have a wide range of gaps in air conditioning applications to comfort and process.The purpose of the comfort application is to provide a building with an indoor environment that remains relatively constant as a series of external conditions or internal thermal loads tend to humans despite weather changes.Air conditioning makes it possible to build deep plans where they would otherwise have to build narrow or light Wells to allow indoor Spaces to be naturally ventilated with adequate outdoor air.Air conditioning can also be applied to tall buildings because the significant increase in wind speed at the height makes natural ventilation impractical for very tall buildings.Comfort level of the application of a variety of building types are completely different, and may be classified as low density housing, including single-family homes, double entry, small high-rise residential buildings in the apartment, such as high dorm apartments and commercial buildings, which is designed for business, including offices, shopping malls, shopping centers, restaurants and other system of buildings, including hospitals, government agencies, academic institutions, and so on.Industrial Spaces where thermal comfort is ideal for workers.In addition to buildings, air conditioning can be used for many types of transport - electric locomotives and other vehicles, trains, ships, aircraft and spacecraft.The purpose of processing applications is to provide a suitable environment in which a process is being carried out, regardless of internal temperature and humidity loads and external climatic conditions.Although often within the comfort range, it is the process of determining conditions rather than human preference.Applications of these processes include: hospital operating rooms, where this air is filtered to high levels to reduce the risk of infection and humidity control to limit patient dehydration.While the temperature is often within the comfort range, some specialized procedures such as open heart surgery require a range between low temperatures (about 18°C, 64°F) and others such as the relatively high temperatures of newborns (about 28 °C, 82°F).Clean production of integrated circuits, pharmaceuticals, etc., in this very high air cleanliness and control of temperature and humidity are required to succeed in the process.Laboratory animals for facility breeding.Since many animals usually only breed in the spring, holding their room in a conditioned mirror this spring may cause them to reproduce all year round.Air conditioning.Although nominally designed to provide passengers with comfort and cooling equipment, aircraft air conditioning presents a special process because of the [blurriness] outside of the low pressure of the aircraft.Data processing centers Textile factories physical testing facilities plants and agricultural growing areas nuclear facilities chemical and biological laboratories mines industrial environment food cooking and processing areas In both applications comfort and process goals may be to control not only temperature but also humidity, air quality and air flow in space to space.汽车空调制冷系论文参考文献怎么写？？？

可以从汽车空调的制冷原理入手，说
有几种原因导致空调制冷不足 空调制冷效果差是什么原因，空调制冷效果差的解决办法

1.原因:氟利昂不足，这是正常情况。空调不是完全不制冷，而是制冷效果不够好。

解决方法:这种情况需要添加氟利昂，即可以解决空调不制冷的问题。

2,原因:这是一个正常的情况下,空调是不完全不制冷,但制冷效果不好,这是因为旧空调使用氟利昂制冷剂,使用很长一段时间就会挥发,此外,不排除安装不当造成的氟利昂泄漏和机器本身。

解决方法:这种情况需要添加氟利昂，即可以解决空调不制冷的问题。安装位置:一般空调安装位置应避免热源，热空气排除和噪音干扰不应影响邻居。室外机的安装高度应低于室内机，有利于冷冻油的循环。

室外机安装时应无热风短路循环，以免影响散热:安装位置应利于维护，易排水且不影响行人，避免或远离高压线路、辐射场所和易燃易爆场所。

室内机安装前应无障碍物，并保证冷空气(或热风)的喷射距离，使室内温度更加均匀。

空调冷气不足怎么回事原因1:不足(也称为“雪”氟利昂)它属于正常情况,通常出现在三、四岁的使用空调,制冷,空调不完全不制冷效果不够好,但这是因为旧空调氟利昂制冷剂的使用,长时间使用会蒸发，而且不排除氟利昂的泄漏和机器本身安装不当。空调不制冷解决方案:加雪说明可以解决空调不制冷问题空调不制冷原因二:电源电压不够电源电压不稳定，往往达不到正常电压，特别是在用电高峰时更容易出现这种现象。当然，这个问题显然不是一个熟练的空调维修大师能够解决的问题，必须从电源电压稳定开始解决问题。空调不制冷的解决方案:保持正常供电电压或选择变频空调。空调不制冷的三个原因:空调的力量是不够的,也是不制冷的常见原因之一,但这不是制冷的原因是各种各样的原因,比如:小功率空调管大面积的房间,和一些虽然空调电源和房间面积似乎匹配,而是因为房间相对没有关闭(如门窗打开等)，或者房间里有热源(如电脑较多)，当然西边的太阳也是玻璃房间里的热源之一，等等。空调还制冷，但是不够冷，一般是什么原因

首先要检查空调是否正常运行，包括室内机和室外机，特别是要检查室外机的压缩机，只要有一台工作不正常，那就要请师傅来修理了。然后再检查空调过滤网，如果空调是正常的，但没有出空气，很有可能是过滤网灰尘过多，最好使用专用的过滤网清洗剂喷雾清洗。再次检查制冷剂是否不足，即所谓氟利昂，如果不足，就要加氟利昂，同时检查冷循环系统是否有泄漏，如果有泄漏现象，就要补漏。如果没有以上问题，空调也可以正常运行，那么就应该检查一下空调风机的运行情况。如果风机风量很小，可能是风机电机旧了，应该更换新的风机电机。如果空调的通风管道安装的时间过长，可能会导致室内的热量传递到室外的效果不好，使制冷效果不是很明显。最好找一个比较好的位置重新安装通风管道，尽量减少通风管道。如果空调运行正常,其他的都是处于良好状态,但房间里并不觉得寒冷的空气,只有靠近空调口吹空调,可能是因为空调的马力太小,和房间的空间太大,那么最好换成马力更大的空调。

有几种原因导致空调制冷不足空调不冷的原因主要有以下几个方面:1、制冷剂少于2种，冷却效果不好;3、膨胀阀开度故障或压缩机没有什么毛病;传动比是不够的(只是说发动机转速和压缩机转速之间的比例,如类型的压缩机转速3000转才能达到其人口极限输出功率,但由于滑轮的直径,而不是达到这